Robert Fisk at a book festival in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2008
Born	12 July 1946 (age 68) Maidstone, Kent, England
Education	Lancaster University (B.A., 1968) Trinity College, Dublin(PhD, 1985)
Occupation	Middle East correspondent for The Independent
Notable credit(s)	Jacob’s Award, Amnesty International UK Press Awards, British Press Awards, International Journalist of the Year,Reporter of the Year, David Watt Prize, Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize
Spouse(s)	Lara Marlowe (1994–2006)
Website
http://www.independent.co.uk/biography/robert-fisk

Robert Fisk (born 12 July 1946) is an English writer and journalist from Maidstone, Kent. He has been Middle East correspondent ofThe Independent for more than twenty years, primarily based in Beirut.^[1] Fisk holds more British and international journalism awards than any other foreign correspondent and has been voted British International Journalist of the Year award seven times. He has published a number of books and reported on several wars and armed conflicts. An Arabic speaker,^[2] he is one of a few Western journalists to have interviewed Osama bin Laden, which he did on three occasions between 1993 and 1997.^[3][4]

Early life and education

Fisk was an only child, born in Maidstone, Kent. His father, already in his mid-50s, was Borough Treasurer at Maidstone Council and had fought in World War I.^[5] He was educated at Yardley Court preparatory school,^[6] Sutton Valence School and Lancaster University,^[7] where he cut his journalistic teeth on the student magazine John O’Gauntlet. He later gained a PhD in Political Science, from Trinity College, Dublin in 1983.^[8] The title of his doctoral thesis was “A condition of limited warfare: Éire‘s neutrality and the relationship between Dublin, Belfastand London, 1939–1945″.^[8]

Career

Newspaper correspondent

Fisk worked on the Sunday Express diary column before a disagreement with the editor, John Junor, prompted a move to The Times.^[9] From 1972–75, the height of The Troubles, Fisk served as Belfast correspondent for The Times, before becoming its correspondent in Portugal covering the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution. He then was appointed Middle East correspondent (1976–1988). When a story of his was spiked (Iran Air Flight 655) after Rupert Murdoch‘s takeover, he moved to The Independent in April 1989. The New York Times once described Robert Fisk as “probably the most famous foreign correspondent in Britain”.^[10] He reported the Northern Ireland troubles in the 1970s, thePortuguese Revolution in 1974, the Lebanese Civil War, the Iranian revolution in 1979, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, the Bosnian War, theAlgerian Civil War, the Kosovo War, the 2001 international intervention in Afghanistan, the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the Arab Spring in 2011 and the ongoing Syrian Civil War.

War reporting

Fisk has lived in Beirut since 1976,^[11] remaining throughout the Lebanese Civil War. He was one of the first journalists to visit the scene of the Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon, as well as the Syrian Hama Massacre. His book on the Lebanese conflict, Pity the Nation, was first published in 1990. Fisk also reported on the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Bosnian War, the Kosovo War, the Algerian Civil War, among other conflicts. During theIran-Iraq War, he suffered partial but permanent hearing loss as a result of being close to Iraqi heavy artillery in the Shatt-al-Arab when covering the early stages of the conflict.^[12] After the United States and allies launched their intervention in Afghanistan, Fisk was for a time transferred to Pakistan to provide coverage of that conflict. While reporting from there, he was attacked and beaten by a group of Afghan refugees fleeing heavy bombing by theUnited States Air Force. He was ultimately rescued from this attack by another Afghan refugee. In his graphic account of his own beating, Fisk absolved the attackers of responsibility and pointed out that their “brutality was entirely the product of others, of us—of we who had armed their struggle against the Russians and ignored their pain and laughed at their civil war and then armed and paid them again for the ‘War for Civilisation’ just a few miles away and then bombed their homes and ripped up their families and called them ‘collateral damage.'”^[13] During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Fisk was stationed in Baghdad and filed many eyewitness reports. He has criticised other journalists based in Iraq for what he calls their “hotel journalism”, literally reporting from one’s hotel room without interviews or first hand experience of events.^[14] His opposition to the war brought criticism from both Irish Sunday Independent columnist and senator, Eoghan Harris,^[15] and The Guardian columnist, Simon Hoggart.^[16] Fisk has criticised the Coalition’s handling of the sectarian violence in post-invasion Iraq, and argued that the official narrative of sectarian conflict is not possible: “The real question I ask myself is: who are these people who are trying to provoke the civil war? Now the Americans will say it’s Al Qaeda, it’s the Sunni insurgents. It is the [Shia] death squads. Many of the death squads work for the Ministry of Interior. Who runs the Ministry of Interior in Baghdad? Who pays the Ministry of the Interior? Who pays the militia men who make up the death squads? We do, the occupation authorities. (…) We need to look at this story in a different light.”^[17]

Osama bin Laden

Fisk interviewed Osama bin Laden three times, reporting the interviews in articles published by The Independent on 6 December 1993, 10 July 1996, and 22 March 1997. During one of Fisk’s interviews with Bin Laden, Fisk noted an attempt by Bin Laden to convert him. Bin Laden said; “Mr Robert, one of our brothers had a dream…that you were a spiritual person…this means you are a true Muslim”. Fisk replied; “Sheikh Osama, I am not a Muslim…I am a journalist [whose] task is to tell the truth”. Bin Laden replied: “If you tell the truth, that means you are a good Muslim”.^[18][19] During the 1996 interview, Bin Laden accused the Saudi royal family of corruption. During the final interview in 1997, Bin Laden said he sought God’s help “to turn America into a shadow of itself”.^[20] Fisk strongly condemned the September 11 attacks, describing them as a “hideous crime against humanity“; he also denounced the Bush administration‘s response to the attacks, arguing that “a score of nations” were being identified and positioned as “haters of democracy” or “kernels of evil”, and urged a more honest debate on U.S. policy in the Middle East. He argued that such a debate had hitherto been avoided “because, of course, to look too closely at the Middle East would raise disturbing questions about the region, about our Western policies in those tragic lands, and about America’s relationship with Israel“.^[21] In 2007 Fisk expressed personal doubts about the official historical record of the attacks. In an article for The Independent, he claimed that, while the Bush administration was incapable of successfully carrying out such attacks due to its organisational incompetence, he is “increasingly troubled at the inconsistencies in the official narrative of 9/11” and added that he does not condone the “crazed ‘research’ of David Icke, but is “talking about scientific issues”.^[22] Fisk had earlier addressed similar concerns in a speech at Sydney University in 2006.^[23] During the speech, Fisk said: “Partly I think because of the culture of secrecy of the White House, never have we had a White House so secret as this one. Partly because of this culture, I think suspicions are growing in the United States, not just among Berkeley guys with flowers in their hair. (…) But there are a lot of things we don’t know, a lot of things we’re not going to be told. (…) Perhaps the [fourth] plane was hit by a missile, we still don’t know”.^[24] “Recently published compilation of Osama bin Laden’s writings reveals how frequently he is inclined to cite Western writers, Western diplomats and Western thinkers. At one point he even advises the White House to read Robert Fisk, rather than, as one might have supposed, the Koran.” ^[25]

Views

Fisk is a pacifist and has never voted.^[26] He has said that journalism must “challenge authority, all authority, especially so when governments and politicians take us to war.” He has quoted with approval the Israeli journalist Amira Hass: “There is a misconception that journalists can be objective … What journalism is really about is to monitor power and the centres of power.”^[27] Speaking on “Lies, Misreporting, and Catastrophe in the Middle East”, at the First Congregational Church of Berkeley, 22 September 2010, Fisk stated, “I think it is the duty of a foreign correspondent to be neutral and unbiased on the side of those who suffer, whoever they may be.”^[28] He has written at length on how much of contemporary conflict has its origin, in his view, in lines drawn on maps: “After the allied victory of 1918, at the end of my father’s war, the victors divided up the lands of their former enemies. In the space of just seventeen months, they created the borders of Northern Ireland, Yugoslavia and most of the Middle East. And I have spent my entire career—in Belfast and Sarajevo, in Beirut and Baghdad—watching the people within those borders burn.”^[29] In a 2002 appearance at the Cambridge Union Society, actor John Malkovich when asked whom he would most like to “fight to the death”, replied that he would “rather just shoot” journalist Robert Fisk and British MP George Galloway.^[30] Fisk reacted with outrage at both the comment made by Malkovich and for also “associating me with a jerk like Galloway”.^[31]

Personal life

He married American journalist Lara Marlowe in 1994. They divorced in 2006.^[32]

Fisking

Fisking is a blogosphere slang describing a point-by-point criticism that highlights perceived errors, or disputes the analysis in a statement, article, or essay.^[33] The term originated from various blogs, which have taken particular issue with Fisk’s views. Many of these bloggers have responded by reprinting his dispatches on their blogs, adding their own paragraph-by-paragraph commentary, dissecting and debunking Fisk’s assertions and opinions.^[34] According to The Guardian, “fisking” has come to denote the practice of “savaging an argument and scattering the tattered remnants to the four corners of the internet”.^[35]

Awards and honours

Fisk has received the British Press Awards‘ International Journalist of the Year seven times,^[36] and twice won its “Reporter of the Year” award.^[37] He also received Amnesty International UK Media Awards in 1992 for his report “The Other Side of the Hostage Saga”,^{[citation needed]} in 1998 for his reports from Algeria^[38] and again in 2000 for his articles on the NATO air campaign against the FRY in 1999.^[39]

• 1984 Lancaster University honorary degree^[40]
• 1991 Jacob’s Award for coverage of the Gulf War on RTÉ Radio^[41]
• 1999 Orwell Prize for journalism^[42]
• 2001 David Watt Prize for an investigation of the 1915 Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman Empire^[43]
• 2002 Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism^[44]
• 2003 Open University honorary doctorate^[45]
• 2004 University of St Andrews honorary degree^[46]
• 2004 Carleton University honorary degree^[47]
• 2005 Adelaide University Edward Said Memorial lecture^[48]
• 2006 Ghent University honorary degree^{[citation needed]}
• 2006 American University of Beirut honorary degree^[49]
• 2006 Queen’s University Belfast honorary degree^[50]
• 2006 Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize worth $350,000^[51]
• 2008 University of Kent honorary degree^[52]
• 2008 Trinity College Dublin honorary doctorate^[53]
• 2009 College Historical Society‘s Gold Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Public Discourse^[54]
• 2009 Liverpool Hope University honorary degree^[55][56]
• 2011 International Prize at the Amalfi Coast Media Awards, Italy^[57]

Works

Books

His 2005 work, The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, with its criticism of Western and Israeli approaches to the Middle East, was generally well received by critics and students of international affairs and is perhaps his best-known work.

• The Point of No Return: The Strike which Broke the British in Ulster (1975). London: Times Books/Deutsch. ISBN 0-233-96682-X
• In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality, 1939–1945 (2001). London: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2411-8 (1st ed. was 1983).
• Pity the Nation : Lebanon at War (3rd ed. 2001). London: Oxford University Press; xxi, 727 pages. ISBN 0-19-280130-9 (1st ed. was 1990).
• The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (October 2005) London. Fourth Estate; xxvi, 1366 pages. ISBN 1-84115-007-X
• The Age of the Warrior: Selected Writings (2008) London, Fourth Estate ISBN 978-0-00-727073-6
• Robert Fisk on Algeria (2013) Independent Print Limited

Video documentary

Fisk produced a three-part series titled From Beirut To Bosnia in 1993 which Fisk says was an attempt “to find out why an increasing number of Muslims had come to hate the West.”^[58] Fisk says that the Discovery Channel did not show a repeat of the films, after initially showing them in full, due to a letter campaign launched by pro-Israel groups such asCAMERA.^[58][59]

Pseudepigraphy, forgery misattributed to Robert Fisk

• Saddam Hussein—From Birth to Martyrdom (2007). Egypt: Ibda; 272 pages. An Egyptian publication which falsely claimed Fisk to be the author.^[60]

References

Further reading

• Robert Fisk on Shakespeare and war
• Journalism and ‘the words of power’: Robert Fisk address to the fifth Al Jazeera annual forum on 23 May

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Fisk.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Robert Fisk

	England portal
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• Column archive at The Independent
• Works by or about Robert Fisk in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Robert Fisk on Journalisted
• Z Communications articles