Caliphate of Fear: The Curse of the Islamic State

By SPIEGEL Staff  2014/08/19

REUTERS

Images of Yazidis fleeing parts of Iraq and Syria have shocked the world and the battle against the jihadists with the Islamic State has united Americans, Europeans, Kurds and Iranians. Can the Islamists be stopped?

In Raqqa, Syria, the Islamic State’s “caliphate” has already become a reality. All women in the city are required to wear the niqab veil and pants are banned. Thieves have their hands hacked off and opponents are publicly crucified or beheaded, with the images of these horrific acts then posted on social networks.

The few hair salons that are still open are required to black out the pictures of women on the packaging for hair dye solutions. Weddings are only permitted to take place without music. And at livestock markets, the hindquarters of goats and sheep must be covered in order to prevent men from viewing their genitalia and having uncomely thoughts.

Any person caught out on the street during the five daily prayer times is risking his or her life.

The jihadists with the Islamic State, or IS, are acting out their fantasies of omnipotence in the name of God. They’re murdering, torturing and forcing families to give their daughters away for marriage to Islamist fighters coming in from abroad. One girl whose family agreed to marry her off took her own life.

In Syria, IS militants and their predecessors have killed countless people in recent years, and over 160,000 in total have died during the Syrian civil war. Yet it is only now that the world is waking up, now that the conflict has spilled into Iraq, where the Islamic State also appears to be spreading its tentacles without much resistance.

Pictures were needed in order for the international community to understand the scale of the horror unfolding in Iraq and just how inhumanely the Islamic State terrorist militia is acting. Images allowed the global community to become witnesses to the plight of the Yazidis, followers of one of the world’s most obscure religions, as they were forced to flee into the mountains, begging for help as they died of thirst. In the eyes of the IS fanatics, the Yazidis are “devil worshippers,” people who deserve to die.

It was only this threat of genocide that moved the global community to act. Countries around the world quickly united in the battle against IS, by far the world’s most brutal, most successful — and most sinister — jihadist troop.

In recent weeks, IS fighters managed to drive out the peshmerga fighters of the Kurdish Autonomous Government of Iraq with disturbing ease. In some cases the Kurdish soldiers, previously considered the best Iraq has to offer, didn’t even resist. The IS threat has even brought rapprochement between the peshmerga and the Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK), who had long been enemies.

A Common Enemy for the US and Iran

Further afield, the United States and Iran have likewise found a common enemy in the Islamic State. And within just a few weeks time, countries in the West have proven capable decisions that would have been inconceivable not long ago. European countries, for example, now want to deliver weapons to the Kurds, seeing them as the only reliable allies in the region. Meanwhile, the US, which withdrew its troops from Iraq just two years ago, saw no alternative to intervening in the new conflict with special forces and fighter jets.

Little could do more to underscore the failure of America’s Iraq adventure than the bombing of US weapons systems by US fighter planes in northern Iraq in recent weeks. They also had to eliminate armored vehicles and mobile artillery units that they had once delivered to the Iraqi army — and which fell into the hands of the Islamic State in June.

But the IS isn’t just brutal, it is also sophisticated. Until the peshmerga regained the territory late last week, IS even temporarily had control of the Mosul dam, the largest rivers and, with them, large parts of Iraq’s supplies of drinking water. And it still controls large stocks of wheat and important agricultural areas.

The Greatest Terrorist Threat Since al-Qaida

And so it is that the caliphate of the Islamic State suddenly appeared on the maps, a nightmarish realm that stretches from northeastern Syria deep into Iraq, led by a self-appointed caliph named Abu Baqr al-Baghdadi.

How could it have come to this?

In the past few years, the greatest terrorist threat since al-Qaida has slowly emerged. But the development was not unavoidable. There are two significant contributing factors that have allowed large parts of Iraq and Syria to descend into jihadist territory. One is the civil war in Syria, which enabled fighters from Iraq and the rest of the world to gain experience in war, it helped them find donors and it gave them a cause to fight for. The international community’s delayed reaction in responding to the Syrian conflict also played a role.

But the origins of IS go back to the Iraqi civil war in the period that followed the US invasion in 2003. There’s no way the organization could have grown as fast as it did without support from Iraqi Sunnis. For years, they were shunted aside by the government of Shiite Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, and many are still caught up in the nostalgic resentment of having lost the earlier supremacy in society they enjoyed during the era of Saddam Hussein, himself a Sunni.

After resisting the move bitterly, Maliki finally resigned from office last week. His designated successor, Haidar al-Abadi, is also a Shiite. Leaders of the country’s Sunni tribes declared last week they would be willing to negotiate with him. Indeed, an understanding between the Shiites and Sunnis would be decisive in any effort to drive back the Islamic State. Still, that alone will not be enough.

“Unfortunately, the IS has been allowed to grow and develop to such an extent that any strategy to really counter it will have to take years and very significant resources,” says Charles Lister of the Brookings Institution, who researches the group intensively in the Doha, Qatar